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Glossary

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  • Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

    The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 is a United Kingdom Statutory Instrument that stipulates general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning. There are also duties on employees to take care of their own exposure to hazardous substances and prohibitions on the import of certain substances into the European Economic Area. The regulations reenacted with amendements the Control of Substances Hazardous to Work Regulations 1999 and implement several European Union directives.

  • Cyclotron

    A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator. Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating voltage (potential difference). A perpendicular magnetic field causes the particles to spiral almost in a circle so that they re-encounter the accelerating voltage many times.

  • Decay

    Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.

    Radioactive decay
  • EudraLex

    EudraLex is the collection of rules and regulations governing medicinal products in the European Union.

  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute, the IAEA reports to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council.

  • Isobares

    Isobars are nuclides with the same number of nucleons, i.e. mass number, but different numbers of protons and different number of neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally. Example: Carbon-14, Nitrogen-14, Oxygen-14

  • Isotope

    Isotopes are any of the different types of atoms (nuclides) of the same chemical element, each having a different atomic mass (mass number). Isotopes of an element have nuclei with the same number of protons (the same atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons. Therefore, isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers (number of nucleons).

  • Neutron

    The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.

    Neutrons are usually found in atomic nuclei. The nuclei of most atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms. The number of neutrons determines the isotope of an element. For example, the carbon-12 isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the carbon-14 isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

  • Nucleon

    In physics, a nucleon is a collective name for two baryons: the neutron and the proton. They are constituents of the atomic nucleus and until the 1960s were thought to be elementary particles. In those days their interactions (now called internucleon interactions) defined strong interactions. Now they are known to be composite particles, made of quarks.

  • Proton

    The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom but is also stable by itself and has a second identity as the hydrogen ion, 1H+. It is composed of three even more fundamental particles comprising two up quarks and one down quark.

  • Radioactive decay

    Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide. For example: a carbon-14 atom (the "parent") emits radiation and transforms to a nitrogen-14 atom (the "daughter").

  • Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals (REACH)

    Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals (REACH) is a European Union Regulation of 18 December 2006.[1] REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the environment. Its 849 pages took seven years to pass, and it has been described as the most complex legislation in the Union's history and the most important in 20 years. It is the strictest law to date regulating chemical substances and will impact industries throughout the world. REACH entered into force in June 2007, with a phased implementation over the next decade.

  • Table of nuclides

    A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the number of protons in the other in an atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents the nuclide of a real or hypothetical chemical element.